tubal ligation and vasectomy..
Antipsychotic/Antidepressant use is a risk factor for QT interval (QT) prolongation and sudden cardiac death. However it is unclear which drugs are risk factors for QT prolongation and torsades de pointes in cases of psychotropic drug overdose.. Several biochemical parameters have been used to evaluate the extent of muscle injury induced by contusion, such as BUN, UA, CREA, LDH and CK. As shown in Figure 3, the serum levels of BUN, UA, CREA, LDH and CK in the MDI group were significantly increased compared to the NC group. These markers or protein waste products may be naturally elevated following skeletal injuries induced by long term or high intensity exercises [38, 39]. At end of a 42-km marathon race, serum levels of myoglobin, CK, and LDH significantly increase according to muscle damage [40]. In this study, after the breakdown of skeletal muscle by MDI, the creatinine level in the RES group was significantly lower than the MDI, NSAID and R+N groups. This suggests that myofibril damage is attenuated by RES administration. Higher serum levels of CK indicate that muscle damage is dependent on inflammation, secondary to the mechanical rupture due to excessive repetition of muscle contraction [41]. Several biochemical parameters have been used to evaluate the extent of muscle injury induced by contusion, such as BUN, UA, CREA, LDH and CK. As shown in Figure 3, the serum levels of BUN, UA, CREA, LDH and CK in the MDI group were significantly increased compared to the NC group. These markers or protein waste products may be naturally elevated following skeletal injuries induced by long term or high intensity exercises [38, 39]. At end of a 42-km marathon race, serum levels of myoglobin, CK, and LDH significantly increase according to muscle damage [40]. In this study, after the breakdown of skeletal muscle by MDI, the creatinine level in the RES group was significantly lower than the MDI, NSAID and R+N groups. This suggests that myofibril damage is attenuated by RES administration. Higher serum levels of CK indicate that muscle damage is dependent on inflammation, secondary to the mechanical rupture due to excessive repetition of muscle contraction [41].. Inhibition of HIF-1α activity has become an effective anti-tumor therapy for various tumors [21]. Moreover, Bryant et al. described that targeting hypoxia maybe important in the development of novel therapies for SCLC [22]. Cisplatin and etoposide are usually used as first-line chemotherapy for SCLC, and can significantly prolong survival; however, most SCLC patients treated with first-line chemotherapy will eventually relapse. Topotecan is commonly used as second-line chemotherapy for SCLC. In an in vitro study, topotecan reduced the hypoxic up-regulation of HIF-1α, and reduced the HIF-1 transcriptional response to hypoxia by inhibiting the HIF-1 transcriptional activation pathway through inhibition of HIF-1α translation [23]. Lund reported that patients with very hypoxic tumors might benefit, in particular from topotecan treatment, and the anti-HIF effect of topotecan should be taken into consideration in these patients [24]. Our study presented a wide range of survival time (18-602 days) among the 43 SCLC patients. All of our patients received cisplatin and etoposide as first-line chemotherapy. Therefore, topotecan might be considered as first-line chemotherapy in SCLC patients with high HIF-1α expression to achieve better survival.. Metabolism of the prodrug lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in human red blood cells from normal and sickle cell disease donors.. In conclusion, it has been observed that the rate of infectious diseases has decreased, whereas the rate of rheumatological and undiagnosed diseases has increased relatively with time because of the advances in imaging studies and culture systems. Detailed history taking and physical examination may particularly contribute to the diagnoses in CVD. Blood count and other biochemical tests may contribute to these diagnoses, although these tests have a low rate of contribution to diagnosis. Serological tests often prove to be non-beneficial in cases with no signs of infectious diseases. Imaging studies provide a diagnosis in only a limited number of infectious diseases, but these tests may localize certain pathologies to guide invasive studies. FDG-PET/CT may contribute greatly to diagnoses when used only in unresolved cases. Biopsy procedures, which are the most commonly used and diagnostically beneficial invasive procedures, contribute greatly to the diagnosis, particularly in cancers and ID that are not diagnosed by non-invasive methods. In conclusion, it has been observed that the rate of infectious diseases has decreased, whereas the rate of rheumatological and undiagnosed diseases has increased relatively with time because of the advances in imaging studies and culture systems. Detailed history taking and physical examination may particularly contribute to the diagnoses in CVD. Blood count and other biochemical tests may contribute to these diagnoses, although these tests have a low rate of contribution to diagnosis. Serological tests often prove to be non-beneficial in cases with no signs of infectious diseases. Imaging studies provide a diagnosis in only a limited number of infectious diseases, but these tests may localize certain pathologies to guide invasive studies. FDG-PET/CT may contribute greatly to diagnoses when used only in unresolved cases. Biopsy procedures, which are the most commonly used and diagnostically beneficial invasive procedures, contribute greatly to the diagnosis, particularly in cancers and ID that are not diagnosed by non-invasive methods.. they occur, and remedies – either medicinal or educational– to be. The blood specimens were collected from apparently healthy donors not suffered from acute and chronic diseases. Informed consent was obtained from each of the donors. Blood samples were collected in heparinized vacutainers and centrifuged for 5 min at 5000 rpm. The plasma and the buffy coat were removed by aspiration. Erythrocytes were washed three times in cold phosphate buffer saline (PBS) with centrifugation for 5 min at 5000 rpm [20 buy modafinil online usa cheap 21]. The experimental protocol was approved by the research center ethics committee of King Saud University College of Pharmacy, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.. Nineteen (8 male, 11 female) patients with major depressive disorder and 40 (17 male, 23 female) healthy control subjects were included in the study. The patients received naturalistic antidepressant treatment for 8 weeks after diagnosis. Serum ceruloplasmin levels and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) scores of the patients were measured before and after their antidepressant treatment. Blood collection for ceruloplasmin measurement was done only once for healthy control subjects. Nineteen (8 male, 11 female) patients with major depressive disorder and 40 (17 male, 23 female) healthy control subjects were included in the study. The patients received naturalistic antidepressant treatment for 8 weeks after diagnosis. Serum ceruloplasmin levels and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) scores of the patients were measured before and after their antidepressant treatment. Blood collection for ceruloplasmin measurement was done only once for healthy control subjects.. At baseline, the subjects with and without AAC had similar dialysis adequacy (Kt/V 1.38 ± 0.22 vs. 1.45 ± 0.23, P>0.05) and biochemical control, particularly serum calcium (9.2 ± 0.8 vs. 9.4 ± 0.9 mg/dL, P>0.05) and phosphate (4.8 ± 1.4 vs. 4.9 ± 1.4 mg/dL, P>0.05). 75 (40%) patients had no detectable AAC (grade 0) on plain chest X-ray. 52 (28%) patients had grade 1, 43 (23%) grade 2, and 14 (8%) grade 3 (Figure 1A).. [143] using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) buy modafinil online usa cheap differential scanning. Oral rinses are widely used to promote periodontal health during this interim period buy modafinil online usa cheap whereas provisional restorations assist in the maintenance of periodontal health and promote guided tissue healing by providing a matrix for the surrounding gingival tissues. Oral rinses used in conjunction with provisional treatment have been shown to reduce plaque levels and to improve gingival health. [6] These rinses are also occasionally administered after tooth preparation because of their anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, and analgesic properties. [7,8] They can affect the color stability of provisional restorations and cause discolorations secondary to dietary factors and medications. Hence, discoloration may be a significant criterion when selecting a particular provisional restoration in an esthetically critical area. [9] Bagıs et al. have reported that the use of oral rinses for three weeks caused discoloration of natural teeth and that this discoloration was clinically unacceptable. Currently, the daily use of mouth rinses has become popular, and studies have reported that Listerine, which is an alcohol-containing mouthwash, has results that are comparable to chlorhexidine or benzydamine HCL and has a significant effect on plaque inhibition. [10] However, our knowledge is limited regarding the discoloration effect of these daily used oral rinses.. onto the afferent regions excluding the basal ganglions from which it onto the afferent regions excluding the basal ganglions from which it. Serum hs-CRP levels were routinely measured in all patients and healthy controls. Venous blood samples were collected from all subjects in tubes containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. The samples were separated immediately after collection by centrifugation at 3,000 rpm for 10 minutes. Separated sera were stored at -70℃ until laboratory evaluation. An examiner who was blinded to the clinical details collected laboratory data and patient information. And all subjects with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia and cigarette smoking were excluded in this study because these risk factors can affect hs-CRP levels.. helps an individual adapt to better behavioral strategies, thus affecting. IPC partially prevented the downregulation of miR-182 in mice buy modafinil online usa cheap which was blocked by pretreatment with antagomiR-182. Compared with the IPC group, pretreatment with antagomiR-182 further increased Chiu's scores and diamine oxidase activities. Meanwhile, apoptotic cells and cleaved caspase-3 expression were increased. Compared with the OGD/R group, pretreatment with miR-182 mimic prevented the downregulation of miR-182, improved cell survival, reduced apoptosis and cleaved caspase-3 expression in MIME cells.. Different flow cytometric methods have been developed to derive absolute CD34+ cells in predicting transplant outcome. Two techniques for preparing cells for quantification of CD34+ cells were compared.. cooking methods induced changes in the structure and composition. In Figure 3, the scanning electron micrographs erythrocytes of drug loaded erythrocytes by our selected method at 5000 magnifications. The loading process resulted in different stages of normal biconcave shape and without changes in morphology. This result shows that the loading process is not aggressive and/or the drug has no deleterious effects on erythrocyte shape. The maintenance of carrier cells morphology similar to native cells gives the opportunity for carrier erythrocytes to life span like native [19]. This result suggested that loaded erythrocytes can be used for sustained release of pravastatin. This assumption is supported by previous findings which recommended that the use of carrier erythrocytes as extended release system for prednisolone due to the minimal effect of drug loading on the erythrocytes morphology[13].. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 12.0 for Windows (SPSS buy modafinil online usa cheap Inc., Evanston, IL). Results were statistically significant if the 2-tailed p-value was less than 0.05. Variables were checked for normality. Non-normally distributed variables were log-transformed, checked for normality after log transformation, and used as continuous log-transformed variables for analyses. Data are shown as mean and standard deviation (SD) or median for non-normally distributed variables. Baseline comparisons were assessed by independent sample t-test or Chi-square as appropriate. To test the significance of resistance training in predicting main (hSGLT3 and GLUT4 gene and protein expression levels) and secondary (muscle glycogen stores and muscle strength) study outcomes, analysis of covariance of the absolute change (week 16 – week 0) in each outcome variable was carried out adjusted for age, gender and years with diabetes when appropriate. Secondary, stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to determine independent predictors of the change in hSGLT3. Independent predictive variables were chosen based on their statistically significant association with main outcomes at baseline, as determined by univariate analysis using Pearson's correlation coefficient. These variables were the changes in lean body mass and muscle strength (referring to training intensity) as well as the change in muscle glycogen stores (surrogate for glucose disposal). Group assignment was forced into the model.. various developmental contexts. Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) refer to a cluster of symptoms. mutation in one family..
expansion phase of 5 months [12]. While BMI1 and BCL-XL suppress. In this study, we demonstrated that p-FAK-GNP preferentially induced apoptosis in G361 cells without affecting normal cells. Although p-FAK-GNP alone were effective against G361 cells, we used plasma in order to maximize the lethality of p-FAK-GNP. Because plasma can react with GNP, it can stimulate p-FAK-GNP that preferentially bind to p-FAK in G361 cells. Thus, stimulated GNP could inhibit the activities of the FAK protein, and consequently p-FAK-GNP lead to the cell death. We investigated the lethal effect of plasma and p-FAK-GNP on G361 cells compared to HaCaT cells. The death rate in G361 cells treated with p-FAK-GNP and plasma was over three times the death rate of G361 cells treated with only plasma, or HaCaT cells treated with p-FAK-GNP and plasma. Because HaCaT cells express lower levels of FAK protein, they were also affected by p-FAK-GNP and plasma, but much less than the G361 cells. Considering that cell death was induced by 30 seconds of plasma treatment, the cell death induced by p-FAK-GNP and plasma was induced instantly and selectively. Therefore, this rapid cell death might not be due to apoptosis. This phenomenon is different from apoptosis, and further analysis will be needed to understand it..
relation to study the phenotypic and genotypic characters of organism.
Antipsychotic/Antidepressant use is a risk factor for QT interval (QT) prolongation and sudden cardiac death. However it is unclear which drugs are risk factors for QT prolongation and torsades de pointes in cases of psychotropic drug overdose.. Several biochemical parameters have been used to evaluate the extent of muscle injury induced by contusion, such as BUN, UA, CREA, LDH and CK. As shown in Figure 3, the serum levels of BUN, UA, CREA, LDH and CK in the MDI group were significantly increased compared to the NC group. These markers or protein waste products may be naturally elevated following skeletal injuries induced by long term or high intensity exercises [38, 39]. At end of a 42-km marathon race, serum levels of myoglobin, CK, and LDH significantly increase according to muscle damage [40]. In this study, after the breakdown of skeletal muscle by MDI, the creatinine level in the RES group was significantly lower than the MDI, NSAID and R+N groups. This suggests that myofibril damage is attenuated by RES administration. Higher serum levels of CK indicate that muscle damage is dependent on inflammation, secondary to the mechanical rupture due to excessive repetition of muscle contraction [41]. Several biochemical parameters have been used to evaluate the extent of muscle injury induced by contusion, such as BUN, UA, CREA, LDH and CK. As shown in Figure 3, the serum levels of BUN, UA, CREA, LDH and CK in the MDI group were significantly increased compared to the NC group. These markers or protein waste products may be naturally elevated following skeletal injuries induced by long term or high intensity exercises [38, 39]. At end of a 42-km marathon race, serum levels of myoglobin, CK, and LDH significantly increase according to muscle damage [40]. In this study, after the breakdown of skeletal muscle by MDI, the creatinine level in the RES group was significantly lower than the MDI, NSAID and R+N groups. This suggests that myofibril damage is attenuated by RES administration. Higher serum levels of CK indicate that muscle damage is dependent on inflammation, secondary to the mechanical rupture due to excessive repetition of muscle contraction [41].. Inhibition of HIF-1α activity has become an effective anti-tumor therapy for various tumors [21]. Moreover, Bryant et al. described that targeting hypoxia maybe important in the development of novel therapies for SCLC [22]. Cisplatin and etoposide are usually used as first-line chemotherapy for SCLC, and can significantly prolong survival; however, most SCLC patients treated with first-line chemotherapy will eventually relapse. Topotecan is commonly used as second-line chemotherapy for SCLC. In an in vitro study, topotecan reduced the hypoxic up-regulation of HIF-1α, and reduced the HIF-1 transcriptional response to hypoxia by inhibiting the HIF-1 transcriptional activation pathway through inhibition of HIF-1α translation [23]. Lund reported that patients with very hypoxic tumors might benefit, in particular from topotecan treatment, and the anti-HIF effect of topotecan should be taken into consideration in these patients [24]. Our study presented a wide range of survival time (18-602 days) among the 43 SCLC patients. All of our patients received cisplatin and etoposide as first-line chemotherapy. Therefore, topotecan might be considered as first-line chemotherapy in SCLC patients with high HIF-1α expression to achieve better survival.. Metabolism of the prodrug lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in human red blood cells from normal and sickle cell disease donors.. In conclusion, it has been observed that the rate of infectious diseases has decreased, whereas the rate of rheumatological and undiagnosed diseases has increased relatively with time because of the advances in imaging studies and culture systems. Detailed history taking and physical examination may particularly contribute to the diagnoses in CVD. Blood count and other biochemical tests may contribute to these diagnoses, although these tests have a low rate of contribution to diagnosis. Serological tests often prove to be non-beneficial in cases with no signs of infectious diseases. Imaging studies provide a diagnosis in only a limited number of infectious diseases, but these tests may localize certain pathologies to guide invasive studies. FDG-PET/CT may contribute greatly to diagnoses when used only in unresolved cases. Biopsy procedures, which are the most commonly used and diagnostically beneficial invasive procedures, contribute greatly to the diagnosis, particularly in cancers and ID that are not diagnosed by non-invasive methods. In conclusion, it has been observed that the rate of infectious diseases has decreased, whereas the rate of rheumatological and undiagnosed diseases has increased relatively with time because of the advances in imaging studies and culture systems. Detailed history taking and physical examination may particularly contribute to the diagnoses in CVD. Blood count and other biochemical tests may contribute to these diagnoses, although these tests have a low rate of contribution to diagnosis. Serological tests often prove to be non-beneficial in cases with no signs of infectious diseases. Imaging studies provide a diagnosis in only a limited number of infectious diseases, but these tests may localize certain pathologies to guide invasive studies. FDG-PET/CT may contribute greatly to diagnoses when used only in unresolved cases. Biopsy procedures, which are the most commonly used and diagnostically beneficial invasive procedures, contribute greatly to the diagnosis, particularly in cancers and ID that are not diagnosed by non-invasive methods.. they occur, and remedies – either medicinal or educational– to be. The blood specimens were collected from apparently healthy donors not suffered from acute and chronic diseases. Informed consent was obtained from each of the donors. Blood samples were collected in heparinized vacutainers and centrifuged for 5 min at 5000 rpm. The plasma and the buffy coat were removed by aspiration. Erythrocytes were washed three times in cold phosphate buffer saline (PBS) with centrifugation for 5 min at 5000 rpm [20 buy modafinil online usa cheap 21]. The experimental protocol was approved by the research center ethics committee of King Saud University College of Pharmacy, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.. Nineteen (8 male, 11 female) patients with major depressive disorder and 40 (17 male, 23 female) healthy control subjects were included in the study. The patients received naturalistic antidepressant treatment for 8 weeks after diagnosis. Serum ceruloplasmin levels and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) scores of the patients were measured before and after their antidepressant treatment. Blood collection for ceruloplasmin measurement was done only once for healthy control subjects. Nineteen (8 male, 11 female) patients with major depressive disorder and 40 (17 male, 23 female) healthy control subjects were included in the study. The patients received naturalistic antidepressant treatment for 8 weeks after diagnosis. Serum ceruloplasmin levels and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) scores of the patients were measured before and after their antidepressant treatment. Blood collection for ceruloplasmin measurement was done only once for healthy control subjects.. At baseline, the subjects with and without AAC had similar dialysis adequacy (Kt/V 1.38 ± 0.22 vs. 1.45 ± 0.23, P>0.05) and biochemical control, particularly serum calcium (9.2 ± 0.8 vs. 9.4 ± 0.9 mg/dL, P>0.05) and phosphate (4.8 ± 1.4 vs. 4.9 ± 1.4 mg/dL, P>0.05). 75 (40%) patients had no detectable AAC (grade 0) on plain chest X-ray. 52 (28%) patients had grade 1, 43 (23%) grade 2, and 14 (8%) grade 3 (Figure 1A).. [143] using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) buy modafinil online usa cheap differential scanning. Oral rinses are widely used to promote periodontal health during this interim period buy modafinil online usa cheap whereas provisional restorations assist in the maintenance of periodontal health and promote guided tissue healing by providing a matrix for the surrounding gingival tissues. Oral rinses used in conjunction with provisional treatment have been shown to reduce plaque levels and to improve gingival health. [6] These rinses are also occasionally administered after tooth preparation because of their anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, and analgesic properties. [7,8] They can affect the color stability of provisional restorations and cause discolorations secondary to dietary factors and medications. Hence, discoloration may be a significant criterion when selecting a particular provisional restoration in an esthetically critical area. [9] Bagıs et al. have reported that the use of oral rinses for three weeks caused discoloration of natural teeth and that this discoloration was clinically unacceptable. Currently, the daily use of mouth rinses has become popular, and studies have reported that Listerine, which is an alcohol-containing mouthwash, has results that are comparable to chlorhexidine or benzydamine HCL and has a significant effect on plaque inhibition. [10] However, our knowledge is limited regarding the discoloration effect of these daily used oral rinses.. onto the afferent regions excluding the basal ganglions from which it onto the afferent regions excluding the basal ganglions from which it. Serum hs-CRP levels were routinely measured in all patients and healthy controls. Venous blood samples were collected from all subjects in tubes containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. The samples were separated immediately after collection by centrifugation at 3,000 rpm for 10 minutes. Separated sera were stored at -70℃ until laboratory evaluation. An examiner who was blinded to the clinical details collected laboratory data and patient information. And all subjects with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia and cigarette smoking were excluded in this study because these risk factors can affect hs-CRP levels.. helps an individual adapt to better behavioral strategies, thus affecting. IPC partially prevented the downregulation of miR-182 in mice buy modafinil online usa cheap which was blocked by pretreatment with antagomiR-182. Compared with the IPC group, pretreatment with antagomiR-182 further increased Chiu's scores and diamine oxidase activities. Meanwhile, apoptotic cells and cleaved caspase-3 expression were increased. Compared with the OGD/R group, pretreatment with miR-182 mimic prevented the downregulation of miR-182, improved cell survival, reduced apoptosis and cleaved caspase-3 expression in MIME cells.. Different flow cytometric methods have been developed to derive absolute CD34+ cells in predicting transplant outcome. Two techniques for preparing cells for quantification of CD34+ cells were compared.. cooking methods induced changes in the structure and composition. In Figure 3, the scanning electron micrographs erythrocytes of drug loaded erythrocytes by our selected method at 5000 magnifications. The loading process resulted in different stages of normal biconcave shape and without changes in morphology. This result shows that the loading process is not aggressive and/or the drug has no deleterious effects on erythrocyte shape. The maintenance of carrier cells morphology similar to native cells gives the opportunity for carrier erythrocytes to life span like native [19]. This result suggested that loaded erythrocytes can be used for sustained release of pravastatin. This assumption is supported by previous findings which recommended that the use of carrier erythrocytes as extended release system for prednisolone due to the minimal effect of drug loading on the erythrocytes morphology[13].. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 12.0 for Windows (SPSS buy modafinil online usa cheap Inc., Evanston, IL). Results were statistically significant if the 2-tailed p-value was less than 0.05. Variables were checked for normality. Non-normally distributed variables were log-transformed, checked for normality after log transformation, and used as continuous log-transformed variables for analyses. Data are shown as mean and standard deviation (SD) or median for non-normally distributed variables. Baseline comparisons were assessed by independent sample t-test or Chi-square as appropriate. To test the significance of resistance training in predicting main (hSGLT3 and GLUT4 gene and protein expression levels) and secondary (muscle glycogen stores and muscle strength) study outcomes, analysis of covariance of the absolute change (week 16 – week 0) in each outcome variable was carried out adjusted for age, gender and years with diabetes when appropriate. Secondary, stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to determine independent predictors of the change in hSGLT3. Independent predictive variables were chosen based on their statistically significant association with main outcomes at baseline, as determined by univariate analysis using Pearson's correlation coefficient. These variables were the changes in lean body mass and muscle strength (referring to training intensity) as well as the change in muscle glycogen stores (surrogate for glucose disposal). Group assignment was forced into the model.. various developmental contexts. Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) refer to a cluster of symptoms. mutation in one family..
expansion phase of 5 months [12]. While BMI1 and BCL-XL suppress. In this study, we demonstrated that p-FAK-GNP preferentially induced apoptosis in G361 cells without affecting normal cells. Although p-FAK-GNP alone were effective against G361 cells, we used plasma in order to maximize the lethality of p-FAK-GNP. Because plasma can react with GNP, it can stimulate p-FAK-GNP that preferentially bind to p-FAK in G361 cells. Thus, stimulated GNP could inhibit the activities of the FAK protein, and consequently p-FAK-GNP lead to the cell death. We investigated the lethal effect of plasma and p-FAK-GNP on G361 cells compared to HaCaT cells. The death rate in G361 cells treated with p-FAK-GNP and plasma was over three times the death rate of G361 cells treated with only plasma, or HaCaT cells treated with p-FAK-GNP and plasma. Because HaCaT cells express lower levels of FAK protein, they were also affected by p-FAK-GNP and plasma, but much less than the G361 cells. Considering that cell death was induced by 30 seconds of plasma treatment, the cell death induced by p-FAK-GNP and plasma was induced instantly and selectively. Therefore, this rapid cell death might not be due to apoptosis. This phenomenon is different from apoptosis, and further analysis will be needed to understand it..
relation to study the phenotypic and genotypic characters of organism.
